Appendix III

Views of the Imputation of Sin

Views	Romans 5:12	Adam	Humanity	Modern Adherents
Pelagian View	People incur death when they sin after Adam's example.	Sin affected Adam alone.	No one affected by Adam's sin.	Unitarians
Federal View²	Sin is imputed to humanity because of Adam's sin.	Adam alone sinned but human race affected.	Depravity is total; sin and guilt are imputed.	Presbyterians and others holding to Covenant theology.
Augustinian View	Sin is imputed to humanity because of Adam's sin.	Humanity sinned in Adam.	Depravity is total; sin and guilt are imputed.	Reformers and later Calvinists.